"Expanding the transactional-transformative paradigm"
Leadership Research by
Dr. David A. Jordan
President, Seven Hills Foundation
References
Adams, J. S. (1963). Toward an understanding of inequity. Journal of Abnormal and Social
Psychology, 67, 422-436.
Alderfer, C. P. (1972). Existence, relatedness, and growth. New York: Oxford University Press.
Aldon, L. J. (1998). Transcendent leadership and the evolution of consciousness. (Masters thesis,
University of San Diego, CA, 1998). San Diego, CA: Helen K. and James S. Copley Library.
Alvesson, M., & Sköldberg, K. (2000). Reflexive methodology: New vistas for qualitative
research. London: Sage Publications.
Anello, E., & Hernandez, J. B. (1996). Moral leadership. Santa Cruz, Bolivia: Universidad Nur.
Antonakis, J. (1001). The validity of the transformational, transactional, and laissez-faire
leadership model as measured by the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (5x). (Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Walden University, 2001).
Argyris, C. (1973). On organizations of the future: Administrative and policy study series.
Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Aristotle (1998). Nichomaclean ethic. Translated by W. D. Ross, D. Ross, J. L. Akcrill, & J. O.
Urmson. New York: Oxford University Press.
Astin, H. S., Astin, A. W. (1996). A social change model of leadership development. Los
Angeles, CA: Higher Education Research Institute, University of California at Los Angeles.
Autry, J. A. (2001). The servant leader. Roseville, CA: Prima.
Avolio, B. J., & Bass, B. M. (1991). The full range of leadership development: Basic and
advanced manuals. Binghampton, NY: Bass, Avolio & Associates.
Avolio, B. J., & Bass, B. M. (2002). Developing potential across a full range of
leadership. Manwah, NH: Laurence Arlbaum Publishers.
Bailey, J. R. (2001). Book Review of J. A. Conger & Associates, Spirit at work: Discovering the
spirituality in leadership. Leadership Quarterly, 12, 367-368.
Bales, R. F., & Slater, P. E. (1955). Role differentiation in small decision-making groups. In T.
Parsons, (Ed.), Family socialization, and interaction processes. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. New York: General Learning Press.
Barnlund, D. C. (1962). Consistency of emergent leadership in groups with changing tasks and
members. Speech Monographs, 29, 45-52.
Bass, B., & Steidlmeier, P. (1999). Ethics, character, and authentic transformational leadership
behavior, Leadership Quarterly, 10(2), 191-218.
Bass, B. M. (1981). Stogdill's handbook of leadership: Theory and research. (2nd Ed.). New
York: Free Press.
Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations. New York: Free Press.
Bass, B. M. (1990). Handwork of leadership: A survey of theory and research. New York: Free
Press.
Bass, B. M. (1990). Bass & Stogdill's handbook of leadership: Theory, research, and managerial
applications. (3rd Ed.). New York: Free Press.
Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1990). The implications of transactional and transformational leadership for individuals, team, and organizational development. In Research in Organizational
Change and Development, (pp. 231-272). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Bass, B. M. (1994). Improving organizational effectiveness through transformational leadership.
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Bass, B. M., & Steidlmeier, P. (1998). Ethics, character, and authentic transformational l
leadership. Center for Leadership Studies, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, p. 6.
Bean, W. C. (1993). Strategic planning that makes things happen: Getting from where you are to
where you want to be. Amherst, MA: Human Resource Development Press.
Beazley, D. A. (2002). Spiritual orientation of a leader and perceived servant leader behavior: A
correlational study. (Doctoral dissertation, Walden University, 2002). Dissertation Abstracts International. (UMI No. 3049889).
Bennis, W. G., & Nanus, B. (1985). Leaders. New York: Harper & Row, Publishers.
Bennis, W. G., & Nanus (1997). Leaders: Strategies for taking charge. New York: Harper
Business.
Bentz, V. M., & Shaprio, J. J. (1998). Mindful enquiry in social research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Beugré, C. D., & Acar, W. (2001). Three known modes of transformational leadership and one
unknown. Proceedings of the Midwest Academy of Management Meetings. Toledo, OH, April 19-21.
Bhindi, N., & Duignan, P. (1997). Leadership for a new century: Authenticity, intentionality,
spirituality, and sensibility. Educational Management & Administration, 25(2), 116-132.
Blake, R., & Mouton, J. S. (1982). A comparative analysis of situationalism and 9.9 management
by principle. Organizational Dynamics, 24, 21.
Blanchard, K. (1995). Servant leadership. Executive Excellence, 12, (10) 12.
Blanchard, K. (1999). The heart of a leader: Insights on the art of influence. Tulsa, OK: Honor
Books.
Blanchard, K. & Peale, N. V. (1988). The power of ethical management. New York: Morrow.
Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. New York: Wiley & Sons.
Block, P. (1993) Stewardship. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.
Block, P. (1996). Stewardship: Choosing service over self-interest. San Francisco:
Berrett-Koehler.
Bogdan, R. C., & Biklin, S. K. (1992). Qualitative research for education: An introduction to
theory and methods. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Bolman, L. G., & Deal, T. E. (1995). Leading with soul: An uncommon journey of spirit. San
Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Bolman, L. G., & Deal, T. E. (2001). Leading with soul: An uncommon journey of spirit. San
Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Bose, S. N., & Einstein, A. (1924). Planck's law and light quantum hypothesis. Zeitshrift fur
Physik, (Magazine for Physics), 26, 178.
Bowditch, J. R., & Buono, A. F. (1994). A primer on organizational behavior, New York: Wiley
& Sons.
Boyd, C. O. (2001). Phenomenology the method. In P. L. Munhall (Ed). Nursing research: A
qualitative perspective. (3rd Ed.). (pp. 93-122). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett.
Boyer, G. (1999). Turning points in the development of male servant leaders. (Doctoral
dissertation, Fielding Institute, 1999). Dissertation Abstracts International. (UMI No. AAM 99180504)
Bruntland, G. H. (2002). The future of the world's health. In C. E. Koop, C. E. Peason, & M R.
Schwarz (Eds.), Critical issues in global health. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Bryman, A. (1993). Charismatic leadership in business organizations: Some neglected
issues. Leadership Quarterly, 4 (3/4), 289-304.
Buchen, I. H. (1998). Servant leadership: A model for future faculty and future
institutions. Journal of Leadership Studies, 5(1): 125-134.
Bucke, M. R. (1969). Cosmic consciousness: A classic investigation of the development of man's
mystic relationship to the infinite. New York: E. P. Dutton.
Burns, J. M. (1978). Leadership. New York: Harper & Row, Publishers.
Burns, J. M. (1998). Empowerment for change. In B. Adams & S. W. Webster (Eds.). Kellogg
Leadership Studies Project: Rethinking Leadership 1994-1997. College Park, MD: James MacGregor Burns Academy of Leadership Press.
Burns, J. M. (2003). Transforming leadership: A new pursuit of happiness. New York: Atlantic
Monthly Press.
Burns, T., & Stalker, G., (1961). The management of innovation. London: Tavistock Publications.
Calder, B. J. (1977). An attribution theory of leadership. In B. M. Staw & G. R. Salanick
(Eds.). New directions in organizational behavior. Chicago: St. Clair Press.
Camp, D. J. (2002). Considering spirituality: Its promise and purpose. Frontiers of Health
Services Management, 18(4), 33-35.
Cannela, A. A. & Monroe, M. J. (1997). Contrasting perspectives on strategic leaders: Toward a
moral realistic view of top managers. Journal of Management, 23(3), 213-237.
Cardona, P. (2000). Transcendental leadership. Leadership & Organizational Development
Journal, 21(4), 201-206.
Cardona, P., Lawrence, B. S., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). The influence of social and work exchange
relationships on organizational citizen behavior. (Working Paper). Unpublished.
Carey, M. R. (1992). Transformational leadership and the fundamental option for self
transcendence. Leadership Quarterly, 3(3), 217-236.
Carlyle, T. (1907). Heroes and hero worship. Boston: Adams, (Original work published 1941).
Carter, L. F. (1953). Leadership and small group behavior. In M. Sherif & M. O. Wilson (Eds.),
Group relations at the crossroads. New York: Harper.
Chaleff, I. (1998). Spiritual leadership. Executive Excellence, 15(5), 9.
Chassin, M. R., Galvin, R. W., & The National Roundtable on Healthcare Quality (1998). The
urgent need to improve health care quality. JAMA 280(11), 1000-1005.
Chatterjee, D. (1998). Leading consciously: A pilgrimage toward self-mastery. Boston:
Butterworth-Heinemann.
Chemers, M. M. (1984). The social, organizational, and cultural context of effective leadership.
In B. Kellerman (ed.). Leadership: Mutlidisciplinary perspectives, (pp. 93-108). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Chemers, M. M. (1993). An integrative theory of leadership. In M. M. Chemers & R. Ayman
(Eds.), Leadership theory and research. New York: Academic Press, 245-270.
Chemers, M. M. (1997). An integrative theory of leadership. Mahwah, NJ. Erlbaum Publishers.
Child, J. (1972). Organizational structure, environment, and performance: The role of strategic
choice., Sociology, 6, 1-22.
Choi, Y., & Mai-Dalton, R. R. (1998). On the leadership function of self-sacrifice. Leadership
Quarterly, 9(4): 475-501.
Ciulla, J. B. (1998). Ethics, the heart of leadership. Westport, CT: Greenwood.
Clawson, J. G. (1999). Level three leadership: Getting below the surface. Saddle River, NJ:
Prentice-Hall.
Coffey, A., & Atkinson P. (1996). Making sense of qualitative data: Complementary research
strategies. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Collins, J. (2001). Level 5 leadership: The triumph of humility and fierce resolve. Harvard
Business Review 79(1), 67-76.
Conger, J. A. (1989). The dark side of the charismatic leader. In J. A. Conger (Ed.), The
charismatic leader. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Conger, J. A. (1994). Spirit at work: Discovering the spirituality in leadership. San Francisco:
Jossey-Bass.
Conger, J. A., & Kanungo, R. N. (1998). Charismatic leadership in organizations. Thousand
Oaks, CA: Sage.
Conlin, M. (1999, November). Religion in the workplace, Business Week, 151-158.
Conner, D. R. (1998). Leading at the edge of chaos. New York: Wiley Publishers.
Corporate Leadership Council (2001). Voice of the leader: A quantitative analysis of leadership
bench strengthened development strategies. Washington, DC: Corporate Leadership Council.
Couto, R. A. (1993). The transformation of transforming leadership. In J. T. Wren (Ed.), The
Leaders Companion, (pp. 102-107). New York: Simon & Shuster.
Covey, S. R. (1991). Principle centered leadership. New York: Summit Books.
Covey, S. R. (1994). First things first. New York: Fireside/Simon & Schuster.
Cox, D. (2001). Ten leadership characteristics. Innovative Leader, 10(8).
Creswell, J. W. (1998). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five traditions.
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Creswell J. W. (2003). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed method
approaches (2nd Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Crossan, M., & Hulland, J. (2002). In C. Choo & N. Bontis (Eds.), Strategic Management of
Intellectual Capital and Organizational Knowledge. New York: Oxford University Press.
Crossan, M., Lane, H. W., & White, R. E. (1999). An organizational learning framework: from
intuition to institution. Academy of Management Review. 24(3): 522-537.
Crossan, M., Nanjad, L., & Vera, D. (2002, February). Leadership on the edge: Old wine in new
bottles? Paper presented at the Strategic Management Society Conference 2001, San Francisco, CA.
Crouch, A., & Yetton, P. (1988). The management team: An equilibrium model of management
performance and behavior. In J. G. Hunt, B. R. Baliga, H. P. Dachler, & C. A. Scriesheim (Eds.), Emerging leadership vistas. Lexington, MA: Lexington.
Dachler, H. P. (1988). Constraints on the emergence of new vistas in leadership and management
research: An epistemological overview. In J. G. Hunt, B. R. Baliga, H. P. Dachler, & C. A. Schriesheim (Eds.), Emerging leadership vistas. Lexington, MA: Lexington.
Daft, R. L., & Lengel, R. H. (2000). Fusion leadership: Unlocking the subtle forces that change
people and organizations. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.
Dansereau, F., Graen, G. G., & Haga W. (1975). A vertical dyad linkage approach to leadership in
formal organizations. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 3, 46-78.
Deal, T. E., & Kennedy, A. A. (1982). Corporate cultures: The rites and rituals of corporate
life. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing.
Denzin, N., & Lincoln Y. (Eds.). (2000). Handbook of qualitative research, (2nd Ed.). Thousand
Oaks, CA: Sage.
DePree, M. (1989). Leadership is an art. New York: Doubleday.
Descartes, R. (1641). Les meditations métaphysiques. In R. Ariew, J. Cottingham, T. Sorell, & D.
Graber (Eds.). Descartes meditations: Background source materials. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Dewey, J. (1960). Theory of the moral life. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.
Donald, M. (2001). A mind so rare: The evolution of human consciousness. New York: W. W.
Norton & Company.
Downton, J. V. (1973). Rebel leadership: Commitment and charisma in a revolutionary process.
New York: Free Press.
Doyle, M. E., & Smith, M. K. (2001). Classical leadership. Encyclopedia of informal
education. Revtrieved on December 15, 2003 from http://www.infed.org/leadership/trandition_leadership.htm.
Dukerich, J. M., Nichols, M. L., Elm, D. R., & Vollrath, D. A. (1990). Moral reasoning in groups:
Leaders make a difference. Human Relations, 43, 473-493.
Eisenhower Leadership Group (1996). Democracy at risk: How schools can lead. Washington,
DC: United States Department of Education.
Elgin, D. (1993). Awakening earth: Exploring the evolution of human culture and
consciousness. New York: Morrow and Co., Inc.
England, G. W., & Lee, R. (1974). The relationship between managerial values and managerial
services in the United States, Japan, India, and Australia. Journal of Applied Psychology. 59(4), 411-419.
Erickson, E. H. (1956). The problem of ego identity. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association. Vol 4, 56-121.
Erickson, E. H. (1963). Childhood and society. New York: Norton.
Fairholm, G. W. (1991). Values leadership: Toward a new philosophy of leadership. Westport,
CT: Praeger.
Fairholm, G. W. (1998). Perspectives on leadership. Westport, CT: Quorum Books.
Fairholm, G. W. (2003). The techniques of inner leadership: Making inner leadership work.
Westport, CT: Praeger.
Fama, E. F., & Jensen, M. C. (1983). Agency problems and residual claims. Journal of Political
Economies, 26, 327-349.
Farling, M. L., Stone, A. G., & Winston, B. E. (1999). Servant leadership: Setting the stage for
empirical research. Journal of Leadership Studies, 6(1/2): 49-72.
Fiedler, F. E. (1967). A theory of leadership effectiveness. New York: Hill.
Fiedler, F. E., & Garcia, J. E. (1987). New approaches to effective leadership: Cognitive
resources and organizational performance. New York: Wiley.
Filerman, G. L., & Pearson E. C. (2002). The mandate: Transformational leadership. In C. E.
Koop, C. E. Pearson, & M. R. Schwarz (Eds.), Critical issues in global health. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Findlay, A. M., & Li. F. L. N. (1999). Methodological issues in research migration. Professional
Geographer, 51(1).
Finkelstein, S., & Hambrick, D. (1996). Strategic leadership: Top executives and the effects on
organizations. Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN: West Publishers.
Firestone, W. A. (1987). Meaning in method: The rhetoric of quantitative and qualitative
research. Educational Researcher, 16, 16-21.
Fleishman, E. A. (1973). Twenty years of consideration and structure. In E. A. Fleishman, & J. G.
Hunt (Eds.). Current developments in the study of leadership. Carbondale, IL: South Illinois University Press.
Fox, M. (1994). The reinvention of work: A new vision of livelihood for our time. San Francisco:
Harper.
Fraker, A. T. (1995). Robert K. Greenleaf and business ethics: There is no code. In L. C. Spears
(Ed.). Reflections on leadership: How Robert K. Greenleaf's theory of servant leadership influenced today's top management thinkers. (pp. 37-48). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Gall, M. D., Walter, R. B., & Gall, J. R. (1996). Educational research: An introduction. White
Plains, New York: Logman.
Gardner, H. (1995). Leading minds: An anatomy of leadership. New York: Basic Books.
Gardner, W. L., & Avolio, B. J. (1998). The charismatic relationship: a dramaturgical
perspective. Academy of Management Review, 23, 32-59.
Gebser, J. (1985). The ever-present origin. Columbus: Ohio University Press.
Geerz, C. (1973). Thick description: Toward an interpretive theory of culture. In The
interpretation of cultures. New York: Basic Books.
Gilligan, C. (1982). In a different voice: Psychological theory and women's development.
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Gini, A. (1996). Moral leadership and business ethics. Kellogg Leadership Studies Project,
Center for Political Leadership and Participants, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, pp. 1-22.
Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional intelligence: Why is can matter more than IQ. New York:
Bantam Books.
Goleman, D. (1998). Working with emotional intelligence. New York: Bantam Books.
Goldeman, D. (2000). Leadership that gets results. Harvard Business Review, March-April,
78-90.
Goleman, D., Boyatzis, R., & McKee, A. (2002). Primal leadership. Boston: Harvard Business
School Press.
Goswami, A. (1993). The self-aware universe: How consciousness creates the material
world. New York: Tarcher/Putnam.
Graen, G. B. (1976). Role making processes within complex organizations. M. D. Dunnette
(Ed.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (pp. 1201-1245). Chicago: Rand-McNally.
Graen, G., & Cashman, J. (1975). A role-making model of leadership in formal organizations: A
developmental approach. In J. G. Hunt & L. L. Lawson (Eds.), Leadership frontiers. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press.
Graen, G. B., Novak, M., & Sommerkamp, P. (1982). The effects of leader-member exchange
and job design on productivity and satisfaction: Testing a dual attachment model. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 30, 109-131.
Graen, G. B., & Scandura, R. A. (1987). Toward a psychology of dyadic organizing. Research in
Organizational Behavior, 9, 175-208.
Graen, G. B. & Uhl-Bien, M. (1991). The transformation of professionals into self-managing and
partially self-designing contributions: Toward a theory of leader-making. Journal of Management Systems, 3(3), 33-48.
Graen, G. B., & Uhl-Bien, M. (1995). Relationship-based approach to leadership: Development
of leader-member exchange (LMX) theory of leadership over 35 years. Leadership Quarterly, 6(2), 219-247.
Graen, G. B. & Wakabayashi, M. (1994). Cross-cultural leadership making: Bridging American
and Japanese diversity for team advantage. In H. C. Triandis, M. D. Dunnette, & L. M. Hough (Eds.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology, 4, 415-446. New York: Consulting Psychologist Press.
Greenleaf, R. K. (1959). A view of managerial ethics. Unpublished book manuscript.
Greenleaf, R. K. (1970). The servant as leader. Indianapolis, IN: Robert K. Greenleaf Center.
Greenleaf, R. K. (1976). The institution as servant. Indianapolis, IN: Robert K. Greenleaf Center.
Greenleaf, R. K. (1977). Servant Leadership. New York: Paulist Press.
Greenleaf, R. K. (1977). Servant leadership: A journey into the nature of legitimate power and
greatness. New York: Paulist Press.
Greenleaf, R. K. (1991). The servant as leader. Indianapolis, IN: Robert K. Greenleaf Center.
Griffin, A., Snoke, D. W., & Stringari, S. (1995). Bose-Einstein Condensation. Cambridge, MA:
Cambridge University Press.
Groenewald, T. (2004). A phenomenological research design illustrated. International Journal of
Qualitative Methods, 3(1). Article 4. Retrieved on July 27, 2004 from http//www.ualberta.ca/~iiqm/backissues/3_1/pdfgroenewald.pdf.
Hackman, J. R. (1986). The psychology of self-management in organizations. In M. S. Pollack &
R. O. Perioff (Eds.), Psychology and work: Productivity, change, and employment. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Hagberg, J. O. (1994). Real power: Stages of personal power in organizations. Salem, MI:
Sheffield.
Hall, B. (1984). Leadership development and spiritual growth. Anglican Theological Review,
66(1), 100-121.
Halpin, A. W., & Winer, B. J. (1957). A factorial study of the leader behavior descriptions. In R.
M. Stogdill & A. E. Coons (Eds.). Leader behavior: Its description and measurement. Columbus: Ohio State University Bureau of Business Research.
Hambrick, D. C. (1989). Guest's editor's introduction: Putting top managers back in the strategy
picture. Strategic Management Journal, Special Issue, 10, 5-15.
Hambrick, D. C., & Mason, P. (1984). Upper echelons: The organization as a reflection of its top
managers. Academy of Management Review, 9, 193-206.
Harvey, J. B. (2001). Reflections on books by authors who apparently are terrified about really
exploring spirituality and leadership. Leadership Quarterly, 12, 377-378.
Hawley, J. (1993). Reawakening the spirit in work. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Hay/McBer Consulting Group (2000). In D. Goleman, Leadership that gets results. Harvard
Business Review, March-April 2000, 78-90.
Hegel, G. F. (1830/1971). Philosophy of mind. (Trans. W. Wallace). Encyclopedia of
philosophical sciences. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Heider, F. (1944). Social perception and phenomenal causality. Psychological Review, 51, 358-
374.
Heifetz, R. A. (1994). Leadership without easy answers. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University.
Hersey, P., & Blanchard, K. (1982). Management of organizational behavior: Utilizing human
resources. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Herzberg, F. (1968). One more time: How do you motivate employees?. Harvard Business
Review, January-Februrary, 53-62.
Hesse, H. (1956). Journey to the East. New York: The Noonday Press.
Hesselbein, F. (2002). A time for leaders. Leader to Leader 23(4), 5.
Hesselbein, F., Goldsmith, M., & Beckhard, R. (Eds.). (1996). The leader of the future: New
visions, strategies, and practices for the next era. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Hicks, D. A. (2002). Spiritual and religious diversity in the workplace: Implications for
leadership. Leadership Quarterly, 13, 379-396.
Higher Education Research Institute (1996). A social change model of leadership development:
Guidebook version III. College Park, MD: National Clearing House for Leadership Programs.
Hollander, E. P. (1978). Leadership dynamics. New York: Free Press.
Holmes-Ponder, K., Ponder, G., & Bell, P. (1999, March). Giving school leaders the inner edge.
Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for Supervision of Curriculum Development, San Francisco, CA.
Homans, G. C., (1961). Social behavior: Its elementary forms. New York: Harcourt Brace.
Hosmer, L. T. (1982). The importance of strategic leadership. The Journal of Business Strategy,
3(2), 47-57.
House, R. J. (1971). A path goal theory of leader effectiveness. Administrative Science Quarterly,
16, 321-338.
House, R. J. (1977). A 1976 theory of charismatic leadership. In J. G. Hunt & L. L. Larson
(Eds.), Leadership: The cutting edge (pp. 189-207). Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.
House, R. J. (1996). Path-goal theory of leadership: Lessons, legacy, and reformulated
theory. The Leadership Quarterly, 7(3), 323-352.
House, R. J., & Aditya, R. N. (1997). The social scientific study of leadership: Quo
vadis? Journal of Management, 23(2), 409-473.
House, R. J., & Baetz, M. L. (1979). Leadership: Some empirical generalizations and new
research directions. In B. Staw (Ed.). Research in organizational behavior, Vol. 1. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
House, R. J., & Shamir, B. (1993). In M. M. Chemers & R. Ayman (Eds.), Leadership theory and
research: Perspectives and directions. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
House, R. J., Shane, S., & Herold, D. (1996). Rumors of the death of dispositional theory and
research in organization behavior are greatly exaggerated. Academy of Management Review, 21(1), 203-224.
Hubbard, B. M. (1998). Conscious evolution: Awakening the power of our societal potential.
Novato, CA: New World Library.
Huey, J. (1994). The new post-heroic leadership. Fortune, February, 21, 42-50.
Hunt, S. D., Woods, V. R., & Chonko, L. B. (1989). Corporate ethical values and organizational
commitment. Journal of Marketing, 53, 79-90.
Hyener, R. H. (1995). Some guidelines for phenomenological analysis of interview data. In A.
Bryman & R. G. Burgess (Eds.). Qualitative Research, Volume 3. (pp. 143-164). London: Sage.
Institute of Medicine (2001). Crossing the quality chase: A new health system for the 21st
Century. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Institute of Medicine (2003). Priority Areas for national action: Transforming health care
quality. (K. Adams & J. E. Corrigan, Eds.). Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Ireland, R. D. & Hitt, M. A. (1999). Achieving and maintaining strategic competitiveness in the
21st century: The role of strategic leadership. Academy of Management Executive, 13(1), 43-57.
Isaacson, J. R. (2001). Spiritual leadership (Doctoral Dissertation, Seattle University,
2001). Dissertation Abstracts International, (UMI No. 3032552).
Jacobsen, S. E. (1994). Spirituality and transformational leadership in secular settings: A Delphi
Study. Dissertation Abstracts International. (UMI No. 9524570).
Jensen, M. C., & Meckling, W. H. (1976). Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs
and ownership structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 3, 305-360.
Kahn, R. L. (1953). An analysis of supervisory practices and components of morale. In H.
Guetzkow (Ed.), Groups, leadership, and men. Pittsburgh, PA: Carnegie Press.
Kanungo, R. N. & Mendonca, M. (1998). Ethics of leadership. Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics,
1, 49-58.
Katz, D., & Kahn, R. L. (1951). Human organization and worker motivation. In L. R. Tripp
(Ed.), Industrial productivity. Madison, WI: Industrial Relations Research Associations.
Kegan, R. (1982). The evolving self: Problems and processes in human development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Kelley, H. H. (1971). Attribution in social interaction. Morristown, NJ: General Learning Press.
Kelley, H. H. (1973). The process of causal attribution. American Psychologist, 28, 107-128.
W. K. Kellogg Foundation (2004). 21st century leadership characteristics. Retrieved on
November 27, 2004 from http://www.wkkf.org/Programming/Overiew.aspx?CID=48.
Kenny, D. A., & Zaccaro, S. J. (1983). An estimate of the variance due to traits in
leadership, Journal of Applied Psychology, 68(4), 678-685.
Kent, T. W., Graber, D., & Johnson, J. (1996). Leadership is the formation of new healthcare
environments. The Health Care Supervisor, 15(2), 23-27.
Kerr, S., & Jermier, J. M. (1978). Substitutes for leadership: Their meaning and
measurement. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 22, 375-403.
Keyes, M. W., Hanley-Maxwell, C., & Capper, C. (1999). Spirituality. It's the core of my
leadership: Empowering leadership in an inclusive elementary school. Educational Administration Quarterly, 35, 203-237.
Kilcourse, T. (1994). A human resource philosophy, Management Decisions, 32(9), 37-42.
Kim, Y. (200). Scope expansion as a phenomenon of transcendence. Torch Trinity Journal, 3(1),
66-86.
Kirkpatrick, J. W. (1998). A theology of servant leadership. (Doctoral dissertation, Fuller
Theological Seminary, 1998). Dissertation Abstracts International. (UMI No. 8814621).
Kirkpatrick, S. A., & Locke, E. A. (1991). Leadership: Do traits matter? The Academy of
Management Executive, 5(2), 48-60.
Kluckholm, C. (1951). Values and value-orientation in the theory of action. In T. Parsons & E. A.
Shils (Eds.), Toward a general theory of relation. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Kohlberg, L. (1975). The cognitive-developmental approach to moral education. Phi Delta
Kappa. June.
Kohlberg, L. & Power, C. (1981). Moral development, religious thinking and the question of a
seventh stage. In L. Kohlberg (Ed.). Essays on moral development: Vol. 1. The philosophy of moral development (pp. 311-372). San Francisco: Harper & Row.
Kohlberg, & Ryncarz, R. A. (1990). Beyond justice reasoning: Moral development and
considerations of a seventh stage. In C. M. Alexander & E. J. Langer. (Eds.). Higher stages of human development: Perspectives on adult growth. (pp. 191-207). New York: Oxford University Press.
Komives, S. R., Lucas, N., & McMahon, T. R. (1998). Exploring leadership for college students
who want to make a difference. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Kotter, J. P. (1990). A force for change. New York: Free Press.
Kouzes, J. M., & Posner, B. Z. (1987). The leadership challenge: How to get extraordinary
things done in organizations. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Kouzes, J. M., & Posner, B. Z. (1993). Credibility: How leaders gain and lose it, why people
demand it. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Kouzes, J. M., & Posner, B. Z. (1995). The leadership challenge: How to keep getting
extraordinary things done in organizations. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Kreitner, R., Kinicki, A. (1998). Organizational behavior (4th ed.). New York: Richard D. Irwin.
Kuczmarski, S. S. & Kuczmarski, T. D. (1995). Values-based leadership. Paramus, NJ: Prentice-
Hall.
Lao-Tzu (1998). Tao Tse Ching: A new English version. Stephen Mitchell (Ed). New York:
Harper Collins.
Larkin, D. K. (1994). Beyond self to compassionate healer: Transcendent leadership. (Doctoral
dissertation, Seattle University, 1995). Dissertation Abstracts International. (UMI No. 9527055).
Laub, J. A. (1999). Assessing the servant organization: Development of the servant
organizational leadership assessment (SOLA) instrument. (Doctoral dissertation, Florida Atlantic University, 1999). Dissertation Abstracts International. (UMI No. 9921922).
Leadership Quarterly (2002). Call for papers: Special issue on spiritual leadership. Leadership
Quarterly, 13, 843-844.
Levit, K., Smith, C., Cowan, C., Sensenig, A., & Catlin, A. (2004). Health spending rebound
continues in 2002. Health Affairs Journal, 23, 147-159.
Lewin, A. Y., Long, C. P., & Carroll, T. N. (1999b). The coevolution of new organizational
forms. Organization Science, 10(5), 535-550.
Lewin, A. Y., & Volberda, H. W. (1999a). Prolegomena on coevolution: A framework for
research on strategy and new organizational forms. Organizational Science, 10(5), 519-534.
Lewin, K. (1938). The conceptual representation and measurement of psychological
forces. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Lipman-Blumen, J. (1996). The connection edge. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Locke, L. F., Spirduso, W. W., & Silverman, S. J. (2000). Proposals that work: A guide for
planning dissertations and grant proposals (4th Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Lonergan, B. J. F. (1985). A third collection. Edited by F. E. Crowe. New York: Paulist Press.
Lord, R. G., Devader, C. L., & Alliger, G. M. (1986). A meta-analysis of the relation between
personality traits and leadership perceptions: An application of validity generalization procedures. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, 402-410.
Lord, R. G., & Maher, K. J. (1991). Leadership and information processing: Linking perception
and performance. Boston: Unwin Hyman.
Lowe, K. B., & Kroeck, K. G. (1996). Effectiveness of transformational and transactional
leadership: A meta-analytic review of the MLQ literature. Leadership Quarterly, 7(3), 385-415.
Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Lubin, K. A. (2001). Visionary leader behaviors and their congruency with servant leadership
characteristics. (Doctoral dissertation, University of La Verne, 2001). Dissertation Abstracts International. (UMI No. 3022943)
Luthens, F., & Kreitner, R. (1975). Organizational behavior modification. Glenview, IL: Scott,
Foresman.
Magnusen, C. L. (2001). Spiritual leadership in educational administration. (Doctoral
Dissertation, St. Louis University, 2001). Dissertation Abstracts International. (UMI No. 3014209).
Maldonado, N. L., & Lacey, C. H. (2001). Defining moral leadership: Perspectives of 12
leaders. Florida Journal of Educational Research, 41(1), 79-101.
Mann, R. D. (1959). A review of the relationship between personality and performance in small
groups. Psychological Bulletin, 56, 241-270.
Marinoble, R. M. (1990). Faith and leadership: The spiritual journeys of transformational
leaders. (Doctoral Dissertation, University of San Diego, 1950). Dissertation Abstracts International. (UMI No. 9030762).
Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50, 370-396.
Maslow, A. H. (1971). The farther reaches of human nature. New York: Penguin Books.
Maslow, A. H., & Lowery, R. (Ed.). (1998). Toward a psychology of being. (3rd Ed.). New York:
Wiley & Sons.
Massey, M. (1979). The people puzzle: Understanding yourself and others. Reston, VA: Reston
Publishing Co.
McClelland, D. C. (1961). The achieving society. Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand.
McClelland, D. C. (1975). Power: The inner experience. New York: Irvington.
McClelland, D. C., Atkinson, J. W., Clark, R. A., & Lowell, E. L. (1958). The achievement
motive. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
McFadden, J. (2002). Quantum evolution. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
McGregor, D. (1960). The human side of enterprise. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Meindl, J. R. (1990). On leadership: An alternative to the conventional wisdom. In B. A. Staw
(Ed.), Research in organizational behavior. Vol. 12. (pp. 159-203). New York: JAI Press.
Marriam, S. B. (2001). Qualitative research and case study applications in education. San
Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Metens, D. W. (2003). Mixed methods and the politics of human research: The transformative-
emancipatory perspective. In A. Tashakkori & C. Teddlie (Eds.), Handbook of mixed methods in the social and behavioral sciences. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Misumi, J., & Peterson M. F. (1985). The performance-maintenance (PM) theory of leadership:
Review of a Japanese research program. Administrative Science Quarterly, 30, 198-223.
Mitroff, I., & Denton, E. (1999). A spiritual audit of corporate America: A hard look at
spirituality, religion, and values in the workplace. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Moustakas, C. (1994). Phenomenological research methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Modway, G. R. (1978). The exercise of upward influence in organizations. Administrative
Science Quarterly, 23, 137-156.
Murray, H. A. (1938). Exploration of personality. New York: Oxford University Press.
Nair, K. (1994). A higher standard of leadership: Lessons from the life of Gandhi. San Francisco:
Berrett-Koehler.
Neff, T. J., & Citrin, J. M. (1999). Lessons from the top. New York: Currency-Doubleday.
Northouse, P. G. (2001). Leadership: Theory and practice (2nd Ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Osborn, R. N., & Hunt, J. G. (1975). An adaptive-reactive theory of leadership: The role of
macro variable in leadership research. In J. G. Hunt & L. L. Larson (Eds.), Leadership frontiers. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press.
Pandit, N. R. (1996). The creation of theory: A recent application of the grounded theory
method. The Qualitative Report. 2(4).
Patton, M. Q, (1990). Qualitative evaluation and research methods (2nd Ed.). Newbury Park,
CA: Sage.
Pawar, B. S., & Eastman, K. K. (1997). The nature and implications of contextual influences on
transformational leadership: A conceptual examination. Academy of Management Review 22(1), 80-109.
Perez-Lopez, J. A. (1991). Teorta de la acción humana en las organizaciones (Theory of Human
Action in Organizations), Ed. Rialp, Madrid.
Peterson, M., & Hunt, J. G. (1997). International perspectives on leadership. Leadership
Quarterly, 8(3), 203-232.
Phillips, J. M. (1995). Leadership since 1975: Advancement or inertia? The Journal of
Leadership Studies, 2(1), 58-80.
Physician's Working Group for Single-Paper National Health Insurance (2003). Proposal of the
physician's working group for single-payer national health insurance. Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), 290(6), 798-805.
Podaskoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Moorman, R. H., & Fetter, R. (1990). Transformation leader
behaviors and their effects on followers trust in leader satisfaction and organizational citizenship behaviors. Leadership Quarterly, 1(2), 107-142.
Pollard, C. W. (1997). The leader who serves. Strategy & Leadership, 25(5): 49-51.
Porter, L. W., & Lawler, E. E. (1968). Management attitudes and performance. Homewood, IL:
Dosey Press.
Prestera, G. (2004). Qualitative research. Retrieved on July 26, 2004 from
http://www.personal.psu.edu/users/g/e/gep111/html/M4/L4%20%20%research/M4L4P3.htm.
Psathas, G. (Ed.). (1973). Phenomenological sociology. New York: Wiley.
Rendova, V. P., & Starbuck, W. H. (1997). Ancient Chinese theories of control. Journal of
Management Inquiry, 6, 144-159.
Renesch, J. (1994). Leadership in a new era: Visionary approaches to the biggest crisis of our
time. San Francisco: New Leaders Press.
Richards, D. (1995) Artful work. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.
Ritscher, J. A. (1986). Spiritual leadreship. In, J. D. Adams (Ed.), Transforming leadership: From
vision to results. Alexandria, VA: Miles River Press.
Roepke, W. J. (1995). Morality as a yardstick of educatiuonal leadership. Journalism and Mass
Communication Educator, 50(2), 71-76.
Rokeach, M. (1973). The nature of human values. New York: Free Press.
Rossman, G. B., & Rallis, S. F. (1998). Learning in the field: An introduction to qualitative
research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Russell, R. F. (2000). Exploring the values and attributes of servant leaders. (Doctoral
Dissertation, Regent University, 2000). Dissertation Abstracts International (UMI No. 9999498).
Russell, R. F. (2001). The role of values in servant leadership. Leadership & Organization
Development Journal, 22(2), 76-83.
Russell, R. F., & Stone, A. G. (2002). A review of servant leadership attributes: Developing a
practical model. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 23 (March), 145-157.
Sadala, M. L. A., & Adorno, R. deC. F. (2001). Phenomenology as a method to investigate the
experiences listed: A perspective from Husserl and Merlean-Ponty's thought. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 37(3), 272-293.
Sanders III, J. E., Hopkins, W. E., & Geroy, G. D. (2003). From transactional to transcendental:
Toward an integrated theory of leadership. Journal of Leadership Studies, 9(4), 21-31.
Sashkin, M. (1988). The visionary leader. In J. A. Conger & R. A. Kanungo (Eds.). Charismatic
leadership: The elusive factor in organizational effectiveness. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Sashkin, M. (1988). Charismatic leadership in management. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Sashkin, M. (1992). Strategic leadership competencies. In R. L. Phillips & J. G. Hunt
(Eds.), Strategic leadership (pp. 139-160).
Schacter, S. (1959). The psychology of affiliation. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Schwatz, R. W., MD and Tumblin, T. T. (2002). The power of servant leadership to transform
health care organizations for the 21st Century economy. Arch Surg, 137(12), 1419-1427.
Sendjaya, S. (2003). Development and validation of servant leadership behavior scale. Paper
presented at the Servant Leadership Round Table, October, 2003.
Sendjaya, S. & Sarros, J. C. (2002). Servant leadership: Its origin development, and application
in organizations. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 9(2), 57-64.
Senge, P. M. (1990) The fifth discipline. New York: Doubleday/Currency Books.
Senge, P. M. (1995). Robert Greenleaf's legacy: A new foundation for Twenty-First Century
institutions. In L. C. Spears (Ed.), Reflections on leadership: How Robert K. Greenleaf's theory of servant leadership influenced today's top management thinkers. (pp. 217-240).
Sergiovanni, T. (1992). Moral leadership: Getting to the heart of school improvement. San
Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Shamir, B., House, R. J., & Arthur, M. B. (1993). The motivational effects of charistmatic
leadership: A self-concept based theory. Organizational Science, 4(4), 577-594.
Shartle, C. L. (1950). Studies of leadership by interdisciplinary methods. In A. G. Grace
(Ed.), Leadership in American education. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Sheehy, G. (1990). America's search for leadership. New York: Bantam Books.
Seldrake, P. (2000). The changing leadership agenda. Servant leadership in Australia. (Working
paper). (Paper presented at the Greenleaf/Australian Conference, August 2000), RMIT University, Graduate School of Business. Melbourne, Australia.
Sieverdes, C. M. (1995). Leadership and community development: Skills and models. In C. M. Sieverdes (Ed.). Palmetto Leadership, (p. 105). Clemson University Press.
Sinis, B. J. (1997). Servanthood: Leadership for the Third Millennium. Boston: Cowley
Publications.
Sonnert, G., & Commons, M. L. (1994). Society and the highest stages of moral development.
Politics and the Individual, 4(1), 31-55.
Sorenson, G. (2000). An intellectual history of leadership studies: The role of James MacGregor
Burns. Kellogg Leadership Studies Project. College Park, MD: The Burns Academy of Leadership Press.
Sparrowe, R. T. & Liden, R. C. (1997). Process and structure in leader-member
exchange. Academy of Management Review, 22, 522-552.
Spears, L. C. (Ed.). (1998). Insights on leadership. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Spears, L. C. (1995). Reflections on leadership: How Robert K. Greenleaf's theory of servant leadership influenced today's top management thinkers.
Stige, B. (2002). General criteria for the evaluation of qualitative research articles. Nordic
Journal of Music Therapy. Retrieved on July 26, 2004 from http://www.hift.no/njmt/forumqualart1.hmtl.
Steers, R. M., & Porter, L. W. (1991). Motivation and work behavior, 5th Ed. New York:
McGraw-Hill.
Steiner, R. (1971). Theosophy: An introduction to the supersensible knowledge of the world and
the destination of man. Great Barrington, MA: The Anthroposophic Press.
Stogdill, R. M. (1948). Personal factors associated with leadership: A survey of the
literature. Journal of Psychology, 23, 35-71.
Stogdill, R. M. (1974). Handbook of leadership: A survey of theory and research. New York:
Free Press.
Strack, J. G. (2001). The relationship of healthcare manager's spirituality to their self-perceived
effective leadership practices. (Doctoral Dissertation, Medical University of South Carolina, 2001). Dissertations Abstracts International, (UMI No. 3011898).
Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1990). Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and
techniques. London: Sage.
Swimme, B., & Berry, T. (1992). The universe Story: From the promordial flaring forth to the
ecozoic era. San Francisco: Harper Collins.
Tatum, J. B. (1995). Meditations on servant-leadership. In L. C. Spears (Ed.). Reflections on
leadership: How Robert K. Greenleaf's theory of servant leadership influenced today's top management thinkers. (pp. 308-312). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Taylor, T. A. (2002). Examination of leadership practices of principals identified as servant
leaders. (Doctoral Dissertation, University of Missouri-Columbia, 2002). Dissertation Abstracts International. (UMI No. 3052221).
Teilhard de Cardin, P. (1975). The phenomenon of man. New York: Harper & Row.
Thiabaut, J. W., & Kelley, H. H. (1959). The social psychology of groups. New York: Wiley.
Thompson, C. M. (2000). The congruent life: Following the inward path to fulfilling work and
inspired leadership. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Toffler, A., & Toffler, H. (1995). Creating a new civilization: The politics of the third
wave. Atlanta, GA: Turner Publishing.
Tolman, E. C. (1932). Purposive behavior. New York: Appleton, Century, & Crofts.
Trott, D. C. (1996). Spiritual well-being of workers: An exploratory study of spirituality in the
workplace. (Doctoral Dissertation, University of Texas, 1996). Dissertation Abstract International. (UMI No. 975971).
Tsui, A. S. (1984). A role set analysis of managerial reputation. Organizational Behavior and
Human Process, 34, 64-96.
​
​
​
​
​
U. S. Census Bureau. (2002). U. S. Census Bureau: Povery, Uninsured Up in 2003. Retrieved on
August 29, 2004 from http://www.voanews.com/article.cfm?objectID.
University Microfilm International. (2004). Transformational leadership search. Retrieved on
July 15, 2004 from http://www.il.proquest.com/umi
Vaill, P. B. (1998). Spirited leading and learning: Process wisdom for a new age. San Francisco:
Jossey-Bass.
Van Kaam, A. (1966). Esitential foundations of psychology. Pittsburgh, PA: Duquene Univeristy
Press.
Van Kuik, A. (1998). The meaning of servant leadership. (Doctoral Dissertation, University of
Manitoba, 1998). National Library of Canada. (Reference No. 0612320294).
Velasquez, M. G. (1992). Business ethics: Concepts and cases (3rd Ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ:
Prentice-Hall.
Vroom, V. H. (1964). Work and motivation. New York: Wiley.
Vroom, V. H., & Yetton, P. W. (1973). Leadership and decision-making. Pittsburgh, PA:
University of Pittsburgh Press.
Wade, J. (1996). Changes of mind: A holomonic theory of the evolution of consciousness. New
York: State University of New York Press.
Weber, M. (1947). The theory of social and economic organization. (A M. Henderson & T.
Parsons, Trans.). T Parsons, (Ed.). New York: Free Press. (Original work published, 1924).
Weber, R. (2003). The reflexive researcher. MIS Quarterly, December 2003, 27(4), v-xiv.
Westley, F., & Mintzberg, H. J. (1989). Visionary leadership and strategic management. Strategic
Management Journal, 10, 17-32.
Wheatley, M. J. (1994). Leadership and the new science: Learning about organizations from an
orderly universe. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.
Wheatley, M. J. (1999). Leadership and the new science. San Francisco: Berrett Koehler
Publishers.
Wheatley, M. J. (2002). Leadership in turbulent times is spiritual. Frontiers of Health Services
Management, 18(4), 19-26.
Wilber, K. (1996). A brief history of everything. Boston: Shambhala Press.
Wilber, K. (1997). The eye of spirit: An integral vision for a world gone mad. Boston: Shambhala
Press.
Williams III, A. H. (2002). Career in publish health and medical care. In C. E. Koop, C. E.
Pearson, & M. R. Schwarz (Eds.), Critical issues in global health. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Wilson, R. T. (1998). Servant leadership. The Physician Executive, 12(5), 60-112.
World Health Organization. (2002). The World Health Report 2002: Reducing risks, promoting
healthy life. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Press.
Wren, J. T. (1995). The leaders companion: Insights on leadership through the ages. New York:
Free Press.
Wright, W. C. (200). Relationship leadership: A biblical model for influence and
serivce. Cumbria: Paternoster Press.
Yukl, G. (1989). Leadership in organizations. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Yukl, G. (1994). Leadership in organizations, (2nd Ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Yukl, G. (1995). Leadership in organizations, (3rd Ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Yukl, G., & Falbe, C. M. (1990). The importance of different power sources in downward and
lateral relations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76, 416-423.
Yukl, G., & Van Fleet, D. (1992). Theory and research on leadership in organizations. In M.
Dunnette & L. Hough (Eds.), Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology: Vol. 3, (2nd, ed., pp. 147-197). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Zaleznik, A. (1977). Managers and leaders: Are they different? Harvard Business Review, 55(3),
67-78.
Zinker, J. (1978). Creative process in gestalt therapy. New York: Vintage.
Zohar, D. (1990). The quantum self: Human nature and consciousness defined by the new
physics. New York: Quill/William Morrow & Company.
Zwart, G. A. (2000). The relationship between spirituality and transformational leadership in
public, private, and non profit, sector organizations. (Doctoral Dissertation, University of LaVerne, 2000). Dissertation Abstracts International. (UMI No. 9977752).